Poland Is Set for a Turbulent Pre-Election Period
11 MIN READJun 15, 2023 | 17:07 GMT
People wave EU and Polish flags during an anti-government rally organized by the opposition in Warsaw, Poland, on June 4, 2023.
People wave EU and Polish flags during an anti-government rally organized by the opposition in Warsaw, Poland, on June 4, 2023.
(WOJTEK RADWANSKI/AFP via Getty Images)
Poland's government will implement controversial policies to disrupt the opposition ahead of a tight election in October, but pressure from the European Union and especially the United States will likely prevent Warsaw from taking an overly authoritarian turn. On May 29, Polish President Andrzej Duda signed into law a controversial bill that establishes a new special parliamentary panel with special powers to investigate Russian influence in the country. The bill has triggered an uproar at home and abroad, with critics arguing that the government could use the panel to ban opposition figures from running in Poland's general election later this year. In response to the backlash, Duda proposed amendments on June 2 that would make it easier to appeal the panel's verdicts, as well as prevent the special commission from penalizing those with alleged links to Russia (like banning them from office). But the changes have done little to ease people's concerns, with roughly 500,000 protesters taking to the streets of Warsaw on June 4 to voice their anger over the bill. On June 7, the European Commission also opened an infringement proceeding requesting Poland to block the law.
The Polish general election will see the ruling nationalist Law and Justice (PiS) party compete against a host of opposition parties led by former prime minister Donald Tusk. According to Polish law, the election must take place on or before Nov. 11.
The bill grants the new parliamentary panel extensive powers to investigate actions taken ''under Russian influence'' from 2007-22. It also states that the panel's members will be chosen by the country's legislature, where Duda's ruling PiS party enjoys a narrow majority. The lower house of Poland's parliament narrowly approved the bill on May 27, overturning a previous rejection in the upper house.
Under the new changes proposed by Duda, the special commission would only be able to issue recommendations regarding individuals it found to have acted under Russian influence.
A May 29 poll showed 61% of Poles found the new law to be ''a pre-election ploy to discredit political opponents.''
In response to the bill being signed into law, the U.S. State Department issued a statement on May 29 expressing concern that the new Polish parliamentary panel ''could be used to block the candidacy of opposition politicians without due process'' and therefore ''interfere with Poland's free and fair elections.'' Shortly after, the European Commission released a similar statement and threatened to take legal action against the law, which it did on June 7.
The Polish government's decision to set up a panel to investigate opposition figures comes against the backdrop of the ruling party's declining popularity. Since taking control of the Polish government in 2015, the PiS has consolidated its grip on power by expanding its influence over the country's media and judiciary, while simultaneously imposing generous subsidies and welfare policies (including a popular child benefit program) to increase popular support. This has put Warsaw on a collision course with Brussels by weakening basic democratic values and the rule of law in the country, which has seen the European Commission impose record fines on Poland and withhold billions of euros of post-pandemic recovery funds and cohesion funds earmarked for the country. Warsaw's standoff with Brussels has fueled tensions both within the PiS, as well as between the ruling party and its main junior coalition partner (the far-right and eurosceptic United Poland party), over whether to backtrack on controversial reforms to unlock EU funds. And this — combined with the government's perceived mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic, unpopular anti-abortion laws in 2020, and rampant inflation brought on by Russia's ongoing war in neighboring Ukraine — have contributed to the PiS's sliding polling numbers in recent years.
The PiS remains the most popular party in Poland, but the once significant gap between the ruling party and opposition parties has steadily eroded in recent years. The PiS is currently polling at about 35%, compared with about 47% in April 2020.
The latest controversy surrounding the government's move to establish a parliamentary panel tasked with ''combating Russian influence'' has helped further galvanize support for the opposition coalition led by Tusk's Civic Platform (PO) party, which is now polling just a few points behind the PiS. Support for the PO party reached 31% in a June 5 Kantar poll (up from about 20% in April 2020); the parties in the PO-led coalition are currently polling at a combined 41%.
In the hopes of shoring up support, the Polish government on May 14 announced a 60% increase in monthly child subsidies from next year (boosting the ''500+'' social benefit program that was crucial in helping the PiS being elected in 2015), though this failed to translate into any meaningful bump in the ruling party's polls.
The EU-Poland Standoff on Judicial Reforms
In 2018, Poland created a controversial disciplinary chamber that supervises the work of judges and prosecutors as a part of broader judicial reforms. The European Union has argued the chamber undermines the independence of Poland's judiciary by enabling the government to pressure judges. In July 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ordered Poland to abolish the chamber, which Warsaw refused to do. The CJEU then imposed a daily 1 million euro fine on Poland for failing to comply with its order, which was reduced to 500,000 euros per day in April 2023 after the body was replaced with a ''chamber of professional responsibility.'' As Poland is yet to pay its fines, the European Commission has decided to withhold 360 million euros worth of EU funds earmarked for Poland. In addition, Brussels has also suspended about 35 billion euros worth of COVID-19 recovery funds destined for the country, as well as the transfer of 76.5 billion euros worth of funds under the 2021-27 EU budget, over Warsaw's failure to roll back recent judiciary reforms and reinstate dismissed judges.
The PiS-led government will promise further spending increases and maintain a confrontational stance within the European Union, while using Russia to discredit the opposition ahead of a tight general election later in the year. With its prospects for being re-elected for a third term uncertain, PiS and its allies will increase efforts to gain a greater lead over the opposition. The government will attempt to consolidate its base through financial promises and appeals to traditional values, while retaining a foreign policy aimed at presenting itself as the defender of Polish sovereignty. In the lead-up to the general election, this will see Warsaw maintain its hawkish stance against Russia, highlighting Poland's central role in the Western alliance with Ukraine. But it will also see the Polish government take an even more confrontational and uncompromising stance against the European Union, making a resolution to Warsaw's long-standing dispute with Brussels over rule of law violations all the more unlikely ahead of the vote. In addition, the PiS-led government will seek to undermine support for opposition candidates by suggesting they have connections to the Kremlin, as evidenced by its move to establish a special commission tasked with rooting out Russian influence prior to the 2023 election. While Duda's proposed amendments to the legislation would effectively remove the new body's capacity to prevent officials from seeking office, the government will likely still use the commission as a political tool to discredit the opposition and stigmatize key candidates ahead of the election, particularly Tusk.
Poland has emerged as a key member of the Western alliance formed in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The Eastern European country is Ukraine's third-largest donor and military supplier, behind only the United States and the United Kingdom (which are comparatively much wealthier nations). Poland has also hosted more than 3.5 million refugees from neighboring Ukraine since the start of the war in February 2022.
Ahead of the 2023 general election, Polish Prime Minister Jaroslaw Kaczynski has so far promised to increase childcare benefits to 500 zlotys ($200) per month, which would cost the state about $15 billion per year (or roughly 10% of the government budget). The government has also promised to provide free medicine for children and senior citizens, and to grant free access to highways and expressways across the country.
But pressure from the United States — which Poland depends on for crucial military, economic and energy support — will limit Warsaw's room for action against the opposition ahead of the election. Polish politics will become increasingly tense in the coming months as the government seeks to disrupt the opposition, which in response will frame the upcoming general election as a battle for democracy and rally its supporters to stage mass demonstrations against any attempt from Duda's government and his PiS to smear their political challengers. Against this backdrop, international pressure (particularly from the United States) will somewhat limit the government's ability to repress its opponents in the lead-up to the election. Warsaw will likely maintain a confrontational approach with Brussels as a way to showcase strength domestically, even at the cost of further delaying the disbursement of pandemic recovery funds. But compared with the European Union, the United States has considerably more leverage at its disposal to contain the PiS's antidemocratic tendencies, thanks to Washington's deep economic, military and energy ties with Warsaw. With approximately 10,000 U.S. armed forces currently stationed in Poland, Warsaw sees its close security partnership with Washington as essential in deterring a possible Russian invasion, especially as the war in neighboring Ukraine rages on with no near end in sight. Imports of U.S. liquified natural gas (LNG) over the past year have also been pivotal in reducing Poland's reliance on Russian gas supplies — another key strategic objective of the Polish government. If the Polish government takes drastic measures against political opponents that could see the country become more decisively authoritarian, the United States could threaten to cut or scale back the crucial support it currently provides to the country. To avoid such a scenario, Warsaw will thus likely seek to avoid taking action that could excessively undermine Poland's democratic credentials ahead of the election.
In 2020, the United States agreed to install a permanent military presence in Poland through an Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA). The U.S. military is currently building an Aegis Ashore ballistic missile defense facility in the country as well. Other U.S. assets in Poland include an Armored Brigade Combat Team, a Combat Aviation Brigade, a Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, and a hub for U.S. Air Force drone operations. Poland, which increased its defense budget to 4% of GDP in 2023, is also scheduled to receive new U.S. deliveries of key military equipment, including 250 M1A2 Abrams tanks, 18 HIMARS rocket artillery systems, 32 F-35 stealth fighter-bombers, MQ-9 Reaper ground-attack drones, and 800 AGM-114R2 Hellfire air-to-ground missiles.
The United States replaced Russia as Poland's top LNG supplier in 2023. Washington and Warsaw are also collaborating to build modern U.S. nuclear power plants in Poland.
A further deterioration in the rule of law in Poland will increase socio-political tensions in the country and exacerbate tensions with the European Union, further delaying EU funds that will undermine economic growth, while increased public spending will put upward pressure on inflation. The government's expansionary fiscal policies will amplify inflationary pressures in Poland, thus prolonging the cost-of-living crisis in the country as high consumer prices continue to erode citizens' purchasing power. Moreover, the government's continued stand-off with the European Union over rule of law issues means EU funding will most likely remain frozen for Poland in the coming months. This will weaken economic growth and undermine the investment outlook in the country, while also increasing borrowing costs for the government as Warsaw tries to make up for missing EU funds with public spending amid higher interest rates. Additionally, Warsaw will continue to oppose EU climate laws while attempting to block the European Union's recently agreed migration and asylum pact in order to boost its popularity at home, which will further exacerbate relations with the bloc even if it does not manage to stall legislation. Finally, while eventual responses from opposition parties to any attempt from the government to suppress political dissent will largely remain peaceful, rising socio-political tensions could trigger waves of social unrest in the country, causing disruptions and possibly escalating into sporadic episodes of violence.
Poland has one of the highest inflation rates in the European Union (13% year-on-year as of May 2023). The country's core inflation rate — which excludes more volatile energy and food prices — remained at a staggering 12.2% year-on-year as of April. Although falling, inflation in Poland is still set to remain high due to the tight labor market (as evidenced by the country's record-low unemployment), minimum wage hikes, and the government's pre-election expansionary fiscal policies. Poland's inflation rate is expected to be the highest in the European Union next year, with the European Commission projecting a 6% average inflation rate in 2024.